{"id":623,"date":"2026-04-21T04:10:45","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T04:10:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/?p=623"},"modified":"2026-04-21T04:11:42","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T04:11:42","slug":"su-khac-biet-cua-y-hoc-co-truyen-the-he-cu-va-he-nano-the-he-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/su-khac-biet-cua-y-hoc-co-truyen-the-he-cu-va-he-nano-the-he-3\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c y h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u0169 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 nano th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u201ckho t\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb cho v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb TCMs, khai th\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i TCMs b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9 tan th\u1ea5p, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eafm tr\u00fang \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a TCMs ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m carboxyl, alcohol, phenol v\u00e0 amine. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong TCMs, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c s\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi cho TCMs, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi trong y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ec7 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n thu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nanocarrier mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a TCMs, bao g\u1ed3m sinh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed9 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng qua nanocarrier trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nanocarrier. Nanocarrier gi\u00fap t\u0103ng sinh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong nh\u1eafm \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a TCMs, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u0103ng t\u00ednh th\u1ea5m v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nanocarrier h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eafm \u0111\u00edch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho ph\u00e9p v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1ec7nh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eafm \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nanocarrier \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn ligand li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a TCMs. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng thu\u1ed1c, cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1, qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nanocarrier c\u00f2n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong TCMs, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00e2ng cao sinh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c nanocarrier \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a TCMs trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y sinh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lipid nh\u01b0 ethosome v\u00e0 transfersome, c\u00e1c nanocarrier polymer v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nano v\u00f4 c\u01a1. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, nanocarrier polymer thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n sinh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c linh ho\u1ea1t, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eafm \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u00f4, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. B\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng quan n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00fd h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong TCMs \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m terpenoid, flavonoid, alkaloid v\u00e0 polyphenol \u2014 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nanocarrier polymer trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n TCMs. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nanocarrier polymer c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, b\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng quan \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nanocarrier polymer trong vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a TCMs, \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2.1. Terpenoids<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Terpenoids, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 isoprenoids, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 triptolide, celastrol, botulin v\u00e0 artemisinin (H\u00ecnh 1). Nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 isopentenyl diphosphate v\u00e0 dimethylallyl diphosphate, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a chu tr\u00ecnh isoprenoid \u2014 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a tinh vi bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng enzyme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Terpenoids hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf n\u1ea5m, vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 sinh h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a terpenoids, bao g\u1ed3m <strong>ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam, kh\u00e1ng khu\u1ea9n, ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng<\/strong>, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2.2. Flavonoids<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flavonoids l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh hoa, l\u00e1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 2-phenyl chromone (C6\u2013C3\u2013C6), flavonoids g\u1ed3m hai v\u00f2ng th\u01a1m A v\u00e0 B li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1ec7 flavonoid t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 lai h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1eafn c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng B (\u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 ba). C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: flavone, flavonol, dihydroflavonoid, dihydroflavonol, isoflavone, flavan-3-ol, anthocyanin v\u00e0 chalcone; v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 baicalin, gambogic acid v\u00e0 puerarin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong H\u00ecnh 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flavonoids th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 li\u00ean h\u1ee3p ch\u00e9o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m mang m\u00e0u (chromophore) trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flavonoids \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u n\u00e3o. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng <strong>t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, gi\u1ea3m cholesterol v\u00e0 lipid m\u00e1u, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n m\u00e1u<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 <strong>xu\u1ea5t huy\u1ebft n\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0nh, t\u0103ng huy\u1ebft \u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111au th\u1eaft ng\u1ef1c<\/strong>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2.3. Alkaloids<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3.1. Vinblastine v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch chi\u1ebft t\u1eeb <em>Catharanthus roseus<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vinblastine (VBL, C\u2084\u2086H\u2085\u2088N\u2084O\u2089) v\u00e0 vincristine \u2014 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng h\u01a1n s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. VBL l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t alkaloid indole diterpenoid ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1ng kim \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 tan trong c\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 methanol, acetone v\u00e0 ethyl acetate nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ether d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. VBL nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>VBL c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n verapamil ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 vindoline ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vincristine n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n kinh, \u00edt g\u00e2y \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf kh\u1ed1i u m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n do s\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a nh\u00f3m 1-N-methyl tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n vindoline. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1ecf gi\u1eefa hai thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb VBL \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Vindesine, Vinorelbine v\u00e0 Vinflunine. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a VBL v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n kinh ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c qua P-glycoprotein \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn trong ung th\u01b0 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3.2. Camptothecin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1966, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 Wall v\u00e0 Wani l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t pentacyclic c\u00f3 t\u00ean Camptothecin (CPT, C\u2082\u2080H\u2081\u2086N\u2082O\u2084). CPT c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p g\u1ed3m v\u00f2ng pyridinone (v\u00f2ng D), c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng pyrrole (A, B, C) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u03b1-hydroxylactone s\u00e1u c\u1ea1nh (v\u00f2ng E). V\u00f2ng lactone n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng 20S \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CPT v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng tan t\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng proton nh\u01b0 methanol v\u00e0 dimethyl sulfoxide. Dung d\u1ecbch CPT ph\u00e1t hu\u1ef3nh quang xanh t\u00edm d\u01b0\u1edbi tia UV, v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng v\u00f2ng lactone \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc. CPT th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf enzyme topoisomerase I \u2014 enzyme thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sao ch\u00e9p DNA \u2014 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y DNA v\u00e0 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3.3. Berberine<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Berberine (BBR, C\u2082\u2080H\u2081\u2088NO\u2084) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t alkaloid isoquinoline \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb <em>Coptis chinensis<\/em> thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Mao l\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, BBR ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1i amoni b\u1eadc b\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf r\u1ec5, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, BBR kh\u00f3 tan trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng tan t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ethanol, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tan t\u0103ng theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. BBR tinh khi\u1ebft c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh kim m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y kho\u1ea3ng 145\u00b0C v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hu\u1ef3nh quang v\u00e0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tia UV. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y BBR c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 <strong>b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tim m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh, kh\u00e1ng khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3.4. Evodiamine<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Evodiamine (EVO, C\u2081\u2089H\u2081\u2087N\u2083O) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t alkaloid indole c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb <em>Evodia rutaecarpa<\/em>, m\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. EVO c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac pentacyclic \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ch\u1ee9a ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nit\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EVO th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd nh\u01b0 <strong>gi\u1ea3m \u0111au, ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0, kh\u00e1ng khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/strong>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 <strong>ch\u1ed1ng huy\u1ebft kh\u1ed1i, gi\u00e3n m\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam, ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tim m\u1ea1ch<\/strong>. Ph\u1ed5 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a EVO trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd nh\u01b0 ung th\u01b0, vi\u00eam, b\u00e9o ph\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.4. Polyphenols<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Polyphenols l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng <strong>ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam m\u1ea1nh<\/strong>. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f2ng phenol v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng shikimate v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c polyketide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.4.1. Curcumin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Curcumin (C\u2082\u2081H\u2082\u2080O\u2086) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t polyphenol m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u00e2n r\u1ec5 <em>Curcuma longa<\/em> (ngh\u1ec7). Trong TCMs, curcumin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp, lo\u00e9t d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, l\u1ef5, bong g\u00e2n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Curcumin c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ung th\u01b0 gan, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n li\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u00e3o, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n cholesterol v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1ed9i m\u00f4. Ngo\u00e0i ra, curcumin c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea5p, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng virus hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.4.2. Resveratrol<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Resveratrol (C\u2081\u2084H\u2081\u2082O\u2083), hay 3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp t\u1eeb r\u1ec5 <em>Veratrum puberulum<\/em> v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong h\u01a1n 70 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u trong nho, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 <em>Polygonum cuspidatum<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Resveratrol tinh khi\u1ebft c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh kim kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng tan t\u1ed1t trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 acetone v\u00e0 ethanol. N\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf hai d\u1ea1ng cis v\u00e0 trans, trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng trans l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng cis d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Resveratrol c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 <strong>ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a, ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam, ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tim m\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh, ch\u1ed1ng lo\u00e3ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng virus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.4.3. Rosmarinic Acid<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rosmarinic acid (RA, C\u2081\u2088H\u2081\u2086O\u2088) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t polyphenol t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Hoa m\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd V\u00f2i voi. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a RA l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ester t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb acid caffeic v\u00e0 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>RA c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 <strong>ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a, ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam, kh\u00e1ng virus v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng huy\u1ebft kh\u1ed1i<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m phenol gi\u00fap trung h\u00f2a g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m stress oxy h\u00f3a. Ngo\u00e0i ra, RA c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gen li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u00eam, huy\u1ebft kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m virus, cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.4.4. Anthocyanins<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Anthocyanins (ANCs) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 trong tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 rau, t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u1eeb xanh, t\u00edm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n polyphenol ch\u00ednh trong b\u1eafp c\u1ea3i t\u00edm v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eadm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ANCs c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cation 2-phenylbenzopyran v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng A, B v\u00e0 C, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m g\u1eafn v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng B. Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n 250 lo\u1ea1i anthocyanin t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, malvidin v\u00e0 petunidin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ANCs c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 <strong>ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0, ch\u1ed1ng vi\u00eam, ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, h\u1ea1 huy\u1ebft \u00e1p, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ed1ng x\u01a1 v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Polymer Nanocarriers trong v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb TCMs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu\u1ed1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u polymer l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t mang, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi. Polymer nanocarriers cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u1ea1p thu\u1ed1c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p polymer\u2013thu\u1ed1c, bao b\u1ecdc thu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c micelle ho\u1eb7c t\u00fai polymer, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c gel polymer (H\u00ecnh 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 mang n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1edd <strong>t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc cao, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh sinh kh\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ea5p, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh linh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/strong>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang gi\u00fap <strong>t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5<\/strong>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf, protein, peptide v\u00e0 acid nucleic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 mang polymer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a bao g\u1ed3m Risperdal Consta\u00ae, Trelstar\u00ae, Sandostatin LAR\u00ae, Eligard\u00ae, Genexol\u00ae, Nanoxel\u00ae, v\u00e0 Somatuline Autogel\u00ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.1. Polymer Micelles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Polymer micelles (PMs) \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 nanocarrier \u0111\u1ea7y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng <strong>t\u1ef1 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c polymer l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh<\/strong>, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00f5i\u2013v\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao b\u1ecdc c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc. PMs c\u00f3 <strong>l\u00f5i k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u \u01b0a lipid nh\u01b0 paclitaxel (PTX), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 tan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, <strong>l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> c\u1ee7a micelle t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hydrat h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 protein v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u00f5ng n\u1ed9i m\u00f4 (reticuloendothelial system) \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i nhanh, qua \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian b\u00e1n th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PMs th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng <strong>10\u2013100 nm<\/strong>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n polymer \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 <strong>Genexol\u00ae PMs<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng copolymer kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh methoxy polyethylene glycol\u2013poly(D,L-lactic acid) (mPEG-b-PDLLA) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c micelle h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u bao b\u1ecdc paclitaxel, mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng cho <strong>ung th\u01b0 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>YHCT g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 sinh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed9 tan k\u00e9m, th\u1eddi gian gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5. B\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t YHCT ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m terpenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids v\u00e0 alkaloids. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o nanocarrier \u2014 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 mang nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng <strong>t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tan, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u0103ng h\u1ea5p thu, cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00edch<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i polymer nanocarrier ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, bao g\u1ed3m polymer micelle, t\u00fai polymer, hydrogel v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p thu\u1ed1c\u2013polymer. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a YHCT v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nanomedicine v\u00e0o v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n YHCT v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng YHCT trong nanomedicine c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u01b0a r\u1ed9ng, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n YHCT \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nanocarrier hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nanocarrier trong nanomedicine c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, t\u0103ng t\u00ednh sinh mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro ch\u01b0a l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nanocarrier m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 <strong>hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf<\/strong>. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nanocarrier mang ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t YHCT. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n thu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 nanocarrier t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nanomedicine trong v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n YHCT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn thu\u1ed1c nano \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a YHCT, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 lai (hybrid) t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 mang hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y sinh. C\u00e1c nanohybrid polymer\/v\u00f4 c\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nano v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa polymer v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nano v\u00f4 c\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro gi\u1eefa hai pha polymer v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u01a1 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nanohybrid n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, bao g\u1ed3m <strong>\u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao, an to\u00e0n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng th\u00f4ng minh v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng thu\u1ed1c<\/strong>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nanohybrid c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh linh ho\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa polymer v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 c\u01a1, gi\u00fap kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u00edt nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nanohybrid polymer\/v\u00f4 c\u01a1 trong YHCT, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai do ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<!-- relpost-thumb-wrapper --><div class=\"relpost-thumb-wrapper\"><!-- filter-class --><div class=\"relpost-thumb-container\"><style>.relpost-block-single-image, .relpost-post-image { margin-bottom: 10px; }<\/style><h3>Related posts:<\/h3><div style=\"clear: both\"><\/div><div style=\"clear: both\"><\/div><!-- relpost-block-container --><div class=\"relpost-block-container relpost-block-column-layout\" style=\"--relposth-columns: 3;--relposth-columns_t: 2; --relposth-columns_m: 2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/nhi-lung-ta-tu-hoan-chua-chung-u-tai\/\"class=\"relpost-block-single\" ><div class=\"relpost-custom-block-single\"><div class=\"relpost-block-single-image rpt-lazyload\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" data-bg=\"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/wp-content\/plugins\/related-posts-thumbnails\/img\/default.png\" style=\"background: transparent no-repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 150px; height: 150px; aspect-ratio: 1\/1;\"><\/div><div class=\"relpost-block-single-text\"  style=\"height: 75px;font-family: Arial;  font-size: 12px;  color: #333333;\"><h2 class=\"relpost_card_title\">Nh\u0129 Lung T\u1ea3 T\u1eeb Ho\u00e0n ch\u1eefa ch\u1ee9ng \u00f9 tai<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/tho-ve-tac-dung-tuong-uy-cua-duoc-lieu\/\"class=\"relpost-block-single\" ><div class=\"relpost-custom-block-single\"><div class=\"relpost-block-single-image rpt-lazyload\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" data-bg=\"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/wp-content\/plugins\/related-posts-thumbnails\/img\/default.png\" style=\"background: transparent no-repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 150px; height: 150px; aspect-ratio: 1\/1;\"><\/div><div class=\"relpost-block-single-text\"  style=\"height: 75px;font-family: Arial;  font-size: 12px;  color: #333333;\"><h2 class=\"relpost_card_title\">Th\u01a1 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00fay c\u1ee7a d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/thao-duoc-cho-hoi-chung-ruot-kich-thich-chu-yeu-la-tao-bon-thu-nghiem\/\"class=\"relpost-block-single\" ><div class=\"relpost-custom-block-single\"><div class=\"relpost-block-single-image rpt-lazyload\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" data-bg=\"https:\/\/thuoc115.com\/suckhoe\/wp-content\/plugins\/related-posts-thumbnails\/img\/default.png\" style=\"background: transparent no-repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 150px; height: 150px; aspect-ratio: 1\/1;\"><\/div><div class=\"relpost-block-single-text\"  style=\"height: 75px;font-family: Arial;  font-size: 12px;  color: #333333;\"><h2 class=\"relpost_card_title\">Th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c cho h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng ru\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00e1o b\u00f3n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><!-- close relpost-block-container --><div style=\"clear: both\"><\/div><\/div><!-- close filter class --><\/div><!-- close relpost-thumb-wrapper -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u201ckho t\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb cho v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc. 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